Fitilar monochromatic guda biyar waɗanda ke shafar ci gaban shuka

Haske shine ainihin yanayin muhalli don girma da haɓaka shuka. Ba wai kawai tushen makamashi na asali don photosynthesis ba, amma har ma da mahimmanci mai kula da ci gaban shuka da ci gaba. Girman tsirrai da haɓaka ba wai kawai ana iyakance su ta hanyar haske mai yawa ko ƙarfin haske ba (yawan ɗimbin hoto, ƙimar ƙimar photon, PFD), har ma da ingancin haske, watau mabanbantan raƙuman haske da radiation da ma'auni daban-daban.

Za a iya raba bakan hasken rana zuwa ultraviolet radiation (ultraviolet, UV

Tsire-tsire na iya gano sauye-sauye na dabara a ingancin haske, ƙarfin haske, tsayin haske, da shugabanci a cikin yanayin girma, kuma su fara canje-canjen physiological da morphological waɗanda suka wajaba don tsira a cikin wannan yanayi. Hasken shuɗi, haske ja da haske mai nisa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa photomorphogenesis na shuke-shuke. Masu ɗaukar hoto (phytochrome, Phy), cryptochrome (Kuka), da masu ɗaukar hoto (phototropin, phot) suna karɓar siginar haske kuma suna haifar da haɓaka da haɓaka shuke-shuke ta hanyar watsa siginar.

Hasken monochromatic kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a ciki yana nufin haske a cikin takamaiman kewayon tsayin raƙuman ruwa. Matsakaicin tsayin tsayin haske guda ɗaya da aka yi amfani da su a gwaje-gwaje daban-daban ba su da cikakkiyar daidaito, kuma sauran fitilun monochromatic waɗanda suke da kama da tsayin raƙuman ruwa sukan yi karo da mabanbanta, musamman ma kafin bayyanar tushen hasken monochromatic LED. Ta wannan hanyar, a zahiri, za a sami sakamako daban-daban har ma da sabani.

Hasken ja (R) yana hana haɓakar internode, yana haɓaka reshe na gefe da tillering, yana jinkirta bambance-bambancen furanni, yana ƙara anthocyanins, chlorophyll da carotenoids. Jajayen haske na iya haifar da ingantacciyar motsin haske a tushen Arabidopsis. Hasken ja yana da tasiri mai kyau akan juriya na shuka ga matsalolin biotic da abiotic.

Hasken ja mai nisa (FR) na iya magance tasirin hasken ja a lokuta da yawa. Karancin rabon R/FR yana haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙarfin photosynthesis na wake na koda. A cikin ɗakin girma, ana amfani da fitilun farar fitilun haske a matsayin babban tushen haske, kuma radiation mai nisa (kololuwar fitarwa na 734 nm) an ƙara shi da LEDs don rage anthocyanin, carotenoid da chlorophyll abun ciki, da sabon nauyi. bushe nauyi, tsayin kara, tsayin ganye da ganye ana yin su. An ƙara faɗin. Tasirin ƙarin FR akan girma na iya kasancewa saboda haɓakar ɗaukar haske saboda ƙarar yankin ganye. Arabidopsis thaliana da aka girma a ƙarƙashin ƙananan yanayin R/FR sun fi girma da kauri fiye da waɗanda aka girma a ƙarƙashin babban R/FR, tare da babban biomass da ƙarfin daidaitawar sanyi. Matsakaicin ragi daban-daban na R/FR kuma na iya canza haƙurin gishiri na tsire-tsire.

Gabaɗaya, haɓaka juzu'in haske mai shuɗi a cikin farin haske na iya gajarta internodes, rage yanki na ganye, rage ƙimar haɓakar dangi, da haɓaka ƙimar nitrogen/carbon (N/C).

Babban aikin chlorophyll na shuka da samuwar chloroplast da kuma chloroplasts tare da babban chlorophyll a/b rabo da ƙananan matakan carotenoid suna buƙatar haske mai shuɗi. Karkashin hasken ja, adadin photosynthesis na sel algae a hankali ya ragu, kuma adadin photosynthetic yayi sauri ya murmure bayan zuwa haske shudi ko kuma ƙara haske mai shuɗi a ƙarƙashin hasken ja mai ci gaba. Lokacin da aka canza ƙwayoyin taba masu duhu zuwa haske mai shuɗi na tsawon kwanaki 3, adadin adadin da abun ciki na chlorophyll na rubulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) ya karu sosai. Daidai da wannan, busassun nauyin sel a cikin ƙarar maganin al'adun naúrar shima yana ƙaruwa sosai, yayin da yake ƙaruwa sosai a ƙarƙashin ci gaba da haske ja.

Babu shakka, don photosynthesis da girma na shuke-shuke, kawai ja haske bai isa ba. Alkama na iya kammala zagayowar rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin tushen LEDs ja guda ɗaya, amma don samun tsire-tsire masu tsayi da adadi mai yawa, dole ne a ƙara adadin haske mai shuɗi mai dacewa (Table 1). Yawan amfanin latas, alayyahu da radish da aka girma a ƙarƙashin haske guda ɗaya ya yi ƙasa da na shuke-shuken da aka girma a ƙarƙashin haɗin ja da shuɗi, yayin da yawan amfanin gonar da aka girma a ƙarƙashin haɗin ja da shuɗi tare da hasken shuɗi mai dacewa ya kasance kwatankwacin haka. na shuke-shuken da aka girma a ƙarƙashin fitilun farar sanyi masu sanyi. Hakazalika, Arabidopsis thaliana na iya samar da tsaba a ƙarƙashin haske guda ja, amma yana girma a ƙarƙashin haɗin ja da haske mai launin shuɗi yayin da adadin hasken shuɗi ya ragu (10% zuwa 1%) idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire da ke girma a ƙarƙashin fitilun farar sanyi. An jinkirta toshe tsire-tsire, furanni da sakamako. Duk da haka, yawan iri na tsire-tsire da aka girma a ƙarƙashin haɗin ja da haske mai launin shuɗi mai ɗauke da haske mai launin shuɗi 10% shine rabin na tsire-tsire da aka girma a ƙarƙashin fararen fitilun farar sanyi. Hasken shuɗi mai yawa yana hana ci gaban shuka, rage internodes, rage reshe, rage yanki na ganye, da rage duka bushewar nauyi. Tsire-tsire suna da bambance-bambancen jinsuna masu mahimmanci a cikin buƙatar hasken shuɗi.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa ko da yake wasu binciken da aka yi amfani da nau'o'in hasken haske daban-daban sun nuna cewa bambance-bambance a cikin ilimin halittar shuka da girma suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance a cikin ma'auni na haske mai launin shuɗi a cikin bakan, ƙaddamarwar har yanzu yana da matsala saboda abubuwan da ba blue ba. Hasken fitilu daban-daban da ke fitowa ya bambanta. Misali, ko da yake busasshen nauyin waken soya da tsiron dawa da aka girma a karkashin fitilar haske iri daya da kuma adadin photosynthetic a kowane yanki na ganye ya fi girma fiye da wadanda ake girma a karkashin fitilun sodium mai matsa lamba, ba za a iya danganta wadannan sakamakon gaba daya zuwa hasken shudi ba a karkashin. low matsa lamba sodium fitilu. Rashin, Ina jin tsoro shi ma yana da alaƙa da rawaya da koren haske a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin fitilar sodium mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da hasken ja na orange.

Busassun nauyin shukar tumatir da aka girma a ƙarƙashin farin haske (mai ɗauke da ja, shuɗi da haske koren) ya ragu sosai fiye da na tsiron da aka girma a ƙarƙashin haske ja da shuɗi. Ganewa na musamman na hana girma a cikin al'adun nama ya nuna cewa mafi kyawun ingancin haske shine hasken kore tare da kololuwa a 550 nm. Tsayin shuka, sabo da busassun nauyin marigold da aka girma a ƙarƙashin hasken koren haske ya karu da 30% zuwa 50% idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire da aka girma a ƙarƙashin cikakken haske bakan. Cikakken haske mai cike da haske mai cike da haske yana sa tsire-tsire su zama gajere da bushewa, kuma an rage nauyin sabo. Cire hasken kore yana ƙarfafa furen marigold, yayin da ƙarin hasken kore yana hana furen Dianthus da latas.

Duk da haka, akwai kuma rahotanni na koren haske na inganta girma. Kim et al. Ya ƙarasa da cewa hasken ja-blue haɗaɗɗen haske (LEDs) ya haɓaka sakamakon hasken kore a ƙarshe cewa an hana ci gaban shuka lokacin da koren haske ya wuce 50%, yayin da haɓakar tsiro yana haɓaka lokacin da rabon hasken kore ya kasance ƙasa da 24%. Ko da yake busassun nauyin ɓangaren sama na latas yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar koren haske da aka ƙara da hasken kore mai kyalli a kan ja da shuɗi mai hade da bangon haske wanda LED ya samar, ƙaddamar da cewa ƙarin hasken kore yana haɓaka girma kuma yana samar da ƙari. biomass fiye da sanyin farin haske yana da matsala: (1) Busassun nauyin biomass da suke lura da shi shine busasshiyar nauyin ɓangaren sama. Idan an haɗa nauyin bushewar tsarin tushen ƙasa, sakamakon zai iya bambanta; (2) babban ɓangaren letus ɗin da aka girma a ƙarƙashin fitilun ja, shuɗi da koren shuɗi Tsire-tsire waɗanda suke girma sosai a ƙarƙashin fitilun farar sanyi mai sanyi suna iya samun hasken koren (24%) wanda ke ƙunshe a cikin fitilar mai launi uku ƙasa da sakamakon. na fitilun farar sanyi mai kyalli (51%), wato, tasirin hana hasken kore mai sanyin farar kyalli ya fi launuka uku girma. Sakamakon fitilar; (3) Yawan photosynthesis na tsire-tsire da aka girma a ƙarƙashin haɗin ja da haske mai launin shuɗi ya fi girma fiye da na tsire-tsire da aka girma a ƙarƙashin hasken kore, yana goyon bayan hasashe na baya.

Koyaya, zalunta tsaba tare da laser kore na iya yin radishes da karas sau biyu girma kamar sarrafawa. A dim kore bugun jini iya hanzarta elongation na seedlings girma a cikin duhu, wato, inganta kara elongation. Jiyya na tsire-tsire na Arabidopsis thaliana tare da haske koren haske guda ɗaya (525 nm ± 16 nm) bugun jini (11.1 μmol·m-2·s-1, 9 s) daga tushen LED ya haifar da raguwar kwafin plastid da haɓaka haɓakar kara girma. ƙimar.

Dangane da bayanan shekaru 50 da suka gabata na bayanan bincike na photobiology na shuka, an tattauna rawar koren haske a cikin ci gaban shuka, furen fure, buɗe stomatal, girma mai tushe, bayyanar kwayoyin halittar chloroplast da ka'idojin girma shuka. An yi imanin cewa tsarin tsinkayen hasken kore ya dace da na'urori masu auna ja da shuɗi. Tsara girma da ci gaban shuke-shuke. Lura cewa a cikin wannan bita, an ƙara koren haske (500 ~ 600nm) don haɗa da ɓangaren rawaya na bakan (580 ~ 600nm).

Hasken rawaya (580 ~ 600nm) yana hana ci gaban letas. Sakamakon abun ciki na chlorophyll da nauyi mai bushe don nau'ikan ja, ja mai nisa, shuɗi, ultraviolet da hasken rawaya bi da bi suna nuna cewa hasken rawaya ne kawai (580 ~ 600nm) zai iya bayyana bambanci a cikin tasirin girma tsakanin fitilar sodium mai ƙarfi da ƙarfe halide. fitila. Wato, hasken rawaya yana hana girma. Hakanan, hasken rawaya (kololu a 595 nm) ya hana girma kokwamba fiye da hasken kore (kololuwa a 520 nm).

Wasu ƙarshe game da tasirin rikice-rikice na launin rawaya/koren haske na iya kasancewa saboda rashin daidaituwar kewayon raƙuman haske da aka yi amfani da su a waɗannan binciken. Bugu da ƙari, saboda wasu masu bincike sun rarraba haske daga 500 zuwa 600 nm a matsayin hasken kore, akwai ƙananan wallafe-wallafe game da tasirin hasken rawaya (580-600 nm) akan girma da ci gaban shuka.

Hasken ultraviolet yana rage yankin ganyen tsire-tsire, yana hana haɓakar hypocotyl, yana rage photosynthesis da yawan aiki, kuma yana sa tsire-tsire masu saurin kamuwa da cutar pathogen, amma yana iya haifar da haɗin flavonoid da hanyoyin tsaro. UV-B na iya rage abun ciki na ascorbic acid da β-carotene, amma yana iya inganta haɓakawar anthocyanin yadda ya kamata. UV-B radiation yana haifar da nau'in nau'in tsire-tsire na dwarf, ƙananan, ganye mai kauri, gajeriyar petiole, ƙara yawan rassan axillary, da canje-canje na tushen / kambi.

Sakamakon bincike kan noman shinkafa 16 daga yankuna 7 daban-daban na kasar Sin, Indiya, Philippines, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam da Sri Lanka a cikin greenhouse ya nuna cewa karuwar UV-B ya haifar da karuwa a cikin jimillar kwayoyin halitta. Cultivars (daya kawai wanda ya kai matsayi mai mahimmanci, daga Sri Lanka), 12 cultivars (wanda 6 ya kasance mai mahimmanci), kuma waɗanda ke da UV-B suna da hankali sosai a cikin yanki na ganye da kuma girman tiller. Akwai cultivars 6 tare da ƙara yawan abun ciki na chlorophyll (2 daga cikinsu sun kai matsayi mai mahimmanci); 5 cultivars tare da raguwar ƙimar photosynthetic ganye sosai, da kuma cultivar 1 tare da ingantaccen haɓakawa (jimlar biomass shima yana da mahimmanci) haɓaka).

Matsakaicin UV-B/PAR shine mahimmin kayyade martanin shuka ga UV-B. Misali, UV-B da PAR tare suna shafar ilimin halittar jiki da yawan amfanin mai na Mint, wanda ke buƙatar manyan matakan haske na halitta mara tacewa.

Ya kamata a lura cewa binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na tasirin UV-B, ko da yake yana da amfani wajen gano abubuwan da aka rubuta da sauran abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta da physiological, saboda amfani da matakan UV-B mafi girma, babu UV-A concomitant da Sau da yawa low baya PAR, da Yawanci ba a fitar da sakamakon da injina cikin yanayin halitta. Nazarin filin yawanci suna amfani da fitilun UV don ɗagawa ko amfani da tacewa don rage matakan UV-B.