ʻElima mau kukui monochromatic e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu

ʻO ka māmā ke kumu kumu kūlohelohe no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. ʻAʻole ʻo ia wale nō ke kumu ikehu kumu no ka photosynthesis, akā he mea hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ma muli o ka nui māmā a i ʻole ka ikaika māmā (photon flux density, photon flux density, PFD), akā ma muli o ka maikaʻi māmā, ʻo ia hoʻi nā lōʻihi hawewe like ʻole o ka māmā a me ka radiation a me kā lākou mau ʻano like ʻole.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka spectrum o ka lā i ka radiation ultraviolet (ultraviolet, UV

Hiki i nā mea kanu ke ʻike i nā loli liʻiliʻi i ka maikaʻi māmā, ka ikaika o ka māmā, ka lōʻihi o ka mālamalama, a me ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka ulu ulu ʻana, a hoʻomaka i nā loli physiological a me morphological e pono ai ke ola i kēia kaiapuni. ʻO ke kukui uliuli, ke kukui ʻulaʻula a me ke kukui ʻulaʻula lōʻihi ke kuleana nui i ka mālama ʻana i ka photomorphogenesis o nā mea kanu. Loaʻa i nā Photoreceptors (phytochrome, Phy), cryptochrome (Cry), a me nā photoreceptors (phototropin, Phot) i nā hōʻailona māmā a hoʻoulu i ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ma o ka lawe ʻana i ka hōʻailona.

ʻO ke kukui monochromatic e like me ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e pili ana i ke kukui ma kahi laulā hawewe kikoʻī. ʻAʻole kūlike loa ka laulā o nā nalu o ka māmā monochromatic like i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole, a ʻo nā kukui monochromatic ʻē aʻe e like me ka lōʻihi nalu e uhi pinepine ʻia i nā ākea like ʻole, ʻoi aku ma mua o ke ʻano o kahi kumu kukui LED monochromatic. Ma kēiaʻano, ma keʻano maoli, e loaʻa nā hopena likeʻole a kū'ē.

Mālama ke kukui ʻulaʻula (R) i ka elongation internode, hoʻoikaika i ka lālā lateral a me ka ʻai ʻana, hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻokoʻa pua, a hoʻonui i nā anthocyanins, chlorophyll a me nā carotenoids. Hiki i ke kukui ʻulaʻula ke hana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka māmā maikaʻi i nā aʻa Arabidopsis. He hopena maikaʻi ke kukui ʻulaʻula i ka pale ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā koʻikoʻi biotic a me abiotic.

Hiki i ke kukui ʻulaʻula mamao (FR) ke pale aku i ka hopena o ke kukui ʻulaʻula i nā hihia he nui. ʻO ka ratio haʻahaʻa R/FR ka hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka hiki ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o nā pīni pīkī. I loko o ke keʻena ulu, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kukui fluorescent keʻokeʻo e like me ke kumu kukui nui, a ʻo ka radiation ʻulaʻula mamao (ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o 734 nm) ua hoʻohui ʻia me nā LED e hōʻemi i ka anthocyanin, carotenoid a me ka chlorophyll content, a me ke kaumaha hou. hana ʻia ke kaumaha maloʻo, ka lōʻihi o ke kumu, ka lōʻihi o ka lau a me ka lau. Hoʻonui ʻia ka laulā. ʻO ka hopena o ka FR hoʻohui i ka ulu ʻana ma muli paha o ka piʻi ʻana o ka māmā māmā ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka lau. ʻO Arabidopsis thaliana i ulu ma lalo o nā kūlana R/FR haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka mānoanoa ma mua o nā mea i ulu ma lalo o ka R/FR kiʻekiʻe, me ka biomass nui a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ke anu. Hiki i nā lakio like ʻole o R/FR ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻomanawanui paʻakai o nā mea kanu.

Ma keʻano laulā, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hapa o ke kukui polū i ke kukui keʻokeʻo ke hoʻopōkole i nā internodes, hoʻemi i ka ʻāpana lau, hoʻemi i ka ulu ulu ʻana, a hoʻonui i nā lakio nitrogen/carbon (N/C).

Pono nā chloroplasts me ka ratio chlorophyll a/b kiʻekiʻe a me nā pae carotenoid haʻahaʻa e pono ai ke kukui polū. Ma lalo o ke kukui ʻulaʻula, ua emi mālie ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o nā pūnaewele algae, a ua hoʻōla koke ka wikiwiki kiʻi kiʻi ma hope o ka hele ʻana i ke kukui polū a i ʻole ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi kukui polū ma lalo o ke kukui ʻulaʻula mau. I ka wā i hoʻololi ʻia ai nā keʻena paka e ulu ana i ka polū mau no 3 mau lā, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui a me ka chlorophyll o rubulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). E like me kēia, piʻi nui ka paona maloʻo o nā pūnaewele i ka nui o ka solution culture unit, ʻoiai e piʻi mālie ana ma lalo o ke kukui ʻulaʻula mau.

ʻIke loa, no ka photosynthesis a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, ʻaʻole lawa wale ke kukui ʻulaʻula. Hiki i ka palaoa ke hoʻopau i kona pōʻai ola ma lalo o kahi kumu LED ʻulaʻula hoʻokahi, akā no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻanoʻano he nui, pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi kukui polū kūpono (Papa 1). ʻO ka hua o ka lettuce, spinach a me radish i ulu ma lalo o kahi kukui ʻulaʻula hoʻokahi ua haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli, ʻoiai ʻo ka hua o nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli me ke kukui polū kūpono e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ʻo nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kukui fluorescent keʻokeʻo. Pēlā nō, hiki i ka Arabidopsis thaliana ke hoʻohua i nā hua ma lalo o kahi kukui ʻulaʻula hoʻokahi, akā ulu ia ma lalo o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli e like me ka emi ʻana o ke kukui polū (10% a 1%) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea kanu i ulu ma lalo o nā kukui fluorescent keʻokeʻo. Hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka bolting mea kanu, ka pua a me nā hopena. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hua o nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o ka hui ʻana o ke kukui ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli i loaʻa ka 10% kukui polū he hapalua wale nō ia o nā mea kanu i ulu ma lalo o nā kukui fluorescent keʻokeʻo anuanu. ʻO ke kukui polū nui ke kāohi i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu, hoʻopōkole i nā internodes, hoʻemi ʻia ka lālā, hoʻemi ʻia ka lau, a hoʻemi i ka paona maloʻo holoʻokoʻa. Loaʻa i nā mea kanu nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i ka pono o ke kukui uliuli.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻoiai ʻo kekahi mau haʻawina e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano kumu kukui like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana nā ʻokoʻa o ka morphology o nā mea kanu a me ka ulu ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa i ka māhele o ke kukui uliuli i ka spectrum, pilikia mau nā hopena no ka mea ʻo ka haku ʻana o ka polū ʻole. ʻokoʻa ka mālamalama i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā ʻano kukui like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paona maloʻo o nā mea kanu soya a me ka sorghum i ulu ma lalo o ke kukui fluorescent māmā hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana lau ma mua o nā mea i ulu ma lalo o nā kukui sodium puʻupuʻu haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau hopena i ke kukui polū ma lalo. nā kukui sodium haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka nele, hopohopo wau e pili pū ana i ke kukui melemele a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma lalo o ke kukui sodium haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kukui ʻulaʻula ʻalani.

ʻO ke kaumaha maloʻo o nā kumulāʻau tōmato i ulu ʻia ma lalo o ke kukui keʻokeʻo (loaʻa ka ʻulaʻula, ka uliuli a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo) ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea kanu i ulu ma lalo o ke kukui ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli. ʻO ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka pale ʻana i ka ulu ʻana i ka moʻomeheu kiko i hōʻike ʻia he kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo maikaʻi loa ka maikaʻi o ke kukui me ka piko ma 550 nm. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu, ke kaumaha hou a maloʻo o ka marigold i ulu ma lalo o ke kukui o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻonui ʻia e 30% a 50% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu i ulu ma lalo o ke kukui kiko piha. ʻO ka'ōmaʻomaʻo'ōmaʻomaʻo piha piha i ka'ōmaʻomaʻo ke kumu i ka pōkole a maloʻo nā mea kanu, a ua emi ke kaumaha hou. ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻoikaika i ka pua o ka marigold, ʻoiai ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo e pale i ka pua o Dianthus a me ka letus.

Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau hōʻike o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hāpai ana i ka ulu. ʻO Kim et al. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo ka ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula hui pū ʻia (LED) i hoʻohui ʻia i nā kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka hopena i ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu i ka wā i ʻoi aku ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma mua o 50%, ʻoiai e hoʻonui ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu i ka wā e emi ai ka lākiō kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma mua o 24%. ʻOiai ua hoʻonui ʻia ka paona maloʻo o ka ʻaoʻao luna o ka lettuce e ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻohui ʻia e ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ka ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli hui pū ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia e ka LED, ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻonui i ka ulu a hoʻohua hou aʻe. He pilikia ka biomass ma mua o ke kukui keʻokeʻo ʻoluʻolu: (1) ʻO ke kaumaha maloʻo o ka biomass a lākou e ʻike ai ʻo ke kaumaha maloʻo wale nō o ka ʻāpana o luna. Inā hoʻokomo ʻia ke kaumaha maloʻo o ka ʻōnaehana kumu lalo, ʻokoʻa paha ka hopena; (2) ka ʻāpana o luna o ka letus i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kukui ʻulaʻula, uliuli a me nā kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻO nā mea kanu e ulu nui ana ma lalo o nā kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e loaʻa paha ka kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo (24%) i loko o ke kukui kala ʻekolu ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hopena. o ke kukui uila ke'oke'o ke'oke'o (51%), 'o ia ho'i, 'oi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ke kukui 'ōma'oma'o ma mua o nā kala 'ekolu. Nā hopena o ke kukui; (3) ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka photosynthesis o nā mea kanu i ulu ma lalo o ka hui pū ʻana o ka ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e kākoʻo ana i nā kuhi mua.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā hua me ka laser ʻōmaʻomaʻo hiki ke hana i nā radishes a me nā kāloti ʻelua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana. Hiki i ka pulupulu ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke hoʻolalelale i ka elongation o nā mea kanu e ulu ana i ka pōʻeleʻele, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hāpai i ka elongation stem. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu Arabidopsis thaliana me kahi kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo hoʻokahi (525 nm ± 16 nm) pulse (11.1 μmol·m-2·s-1, 9 s) mai kahi kumu LED i hopena i ka emi ʻana o nā transcripts plastid a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ulu ʻana. uku.

Ma muli o nā makahiki he 50 i hala iho nei o ka ʻikepili noiʻi photobiology mea kanu, ua kūkākūkā ʻia ke kuleana o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka pua, ka wehe ʻana o ka stomata, ka ulu ʻana o ke kumu, ka hōʻike ʻana o ka chloroplast a me ka hoʻoponopono ulu ulu. Manaʻoʻiaʻo ka'ōnaehana'ōmaʻomaʻo'ōmaʻomaʻo e like me nā meaʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli. Hoʻoponopono i ka ulu a me ka uluʻana o nā mea kanu. E hoʻomaopopo i kēia loiloi, hoʻonui ʻia ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo (500~600nm) e hoʻokomo i ka ʻāpana melemele o ka spectrum (580~600nm).

ʻO ke kukui melemele (580 ~ 600nm) ke kāohi i ka ulu lettuce. ʻO nā hopena o ka maʻiʻo chlorophyll a me ke kaumaha maloʻo no nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula mamao, uliuli, ultraviolet a me nā kukui melemele e hōʻike ana he kukui melemele wale nō (580 ~ 600nm) hiki ke wehewehe i ka ʻokoʻa o nā hopena ulu ma waena o ke kukui sodium kiʻekiʻe a me ka halide metala. kukui. ʻO ia hoʻi, pale ke kukui melemele i ka ulu. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kukui melemele (peak ma 595 nm) i ka ulu ʻana o ka kukumba ma mua o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo (peak ma 520 nm).

ʻO kekahi mau manaʻo e pili ana i nā hopena paio o ke kukui melemele/'ōmaʻomaʻo ma muli paha o ke ʻano like ʻole o nā lōʻihi nalu o ka mālamalama i hoʻohana ʻia ma ia mau haʻawina. Eia kekahi, no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o kekahi poʻe noiʻi i ke kukui mai 500 a 600 nm he kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo, he liʻiliʻi nā palapala e pili ana i nā hopena o ke kukui melemele (580-600 nm) i ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.

Hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o Ultraviolet i ka lau o nā mea kanu, pale i ka elongation hypocotyl, hoʻemi i ka photosynthesis a me ka huahana, a hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā mea kanu i ka pathogen attack, akā hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka flavonoids synthesis a me nā mīkini pale. Hiki i ka UV-B ke hōʻemi i ka ʻike o ka ascorbic acid a me ka β-carotene, akā hiki ke hoʻoikaika pono i ka synthesis anthocyanin. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o UV-B ka hopena i kahi phenotype mea kanu dwarf, liʻiliʻi, lau mānoanoa, petiole pōkole, hoʻonui ʻia nā lālā axillary, a me nā loli aʻa/lei aliʻi.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o nā noiʻi ma 16 mau laiki mai 7 mau ʻāpana like ʻole o Kina, India, Philippines, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam a me Sri Lanka i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka hoʻohui ʻana o UV-B i hoʻonui i ka nui o ka biomass. ʻO nā mea kanu (hoʻokahi wale nō i hiki i kahi pae koʻikoʻi, mai Sri Lanka), 12 cultivars (ʻo ia ka mea nui 6), a ʻo nā mea me ka UV-B sensitivity ua hoʻemi nui ʻia i ka nui o ka lau a me ka nui o ka mahiʻai. Aia he 6 mau mea kanu me ka nui o ka chlorophyll maʻiʻo (2 o ka mea i hiki i nā pae koʻikoʻi); 5 mau mea kanu me ka nui o ka hoemi ana i ka laula photosynthetic, a me 1 cultivar me ka maikai loa (he nui no hoi kona biomass) mahuahua).

ʻO ka lakio o UV-B/PAR he mea hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi o ka pane mea kanu i UV-B. No ka laʻana, hoʻopili pū ʻo UV-B a me PAR i ka morphology a me ka aila hua o ka mint, e koi ai i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kukui kūlohelohe ʻole.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo nā noiʻi keʻena hana o nā hopena UV-B, ʻoiai he pono i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu transcription a me nā mea molecular a me nā mea physiological ʻē aʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe UV-B kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe UV-A concomitant a me PAR haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻole i unuhi ʻia nā hopena i loko o ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe. Hoʻohana mau nā haʻawina kula i nā kukui UV e hoʻāla a hoʻohana i nā kānana e hōʻemi i nā pae UV-B.