Izibane ezintlanu ze-monochromatic ezichaphazela ukukhula kwezityalo

Ukukhanya yeyona nto isisiseko sokusingqongileyo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni izityalo. Akuyena kuphela umthombo wamandla osisiseko we-photosynthesis, kodwa kunye nomlawuli obalulekileyo wokukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo. Ukukhula kwesityalo nophuhliso aluthintelwanga kuphela sisixa sokukhanya okanye ubukhulu bokukhanya (photon flux density, photon flux density, PFD), kodwa nangomgangatho wokukhanya, okt ubude bamaza okukhanya kunye nemitha kunye nereyishini yazo eyahlukileyo yokwakheka.

I-spectrum yelanga inokwahlulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwimitha ye-ultraviolet (i-ultraviolet, i-UV

Izityalo ziyakwazi ukubona utshintsho olufihlakeleyo kumgangatho wokukhanya, ukukhanya kokukhanya, ubude bokukhanya, kunye nesalathiso kwindawo ekhulayo, kwaye ziqalise utshintsho oluyimfuneko lwe-physiological and morphological ukuze uphile kule meko. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza, ukukhanya okubomvu kunye nokukhanya okubomvu kude kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni i-photomorphogenesis yezityalo. Iifotoreceptors (i-phytochrome, i-Phy), i-cryptochrome (Ukukhala), kunye ne-photoreceptors (i-phototropin, i-Phot) zifumana iimpawu zokukhanya kwaye zikhuthaze ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwezityalo ngokugqithiswa komqondiso.

Ukukhanya kwe-Monochromatic njengoko kusetyenziswe apha kubhekiselele ekukhanyeni kuluhlu oluthile lwamaza. Uluhlu lwamaza okukhanya okufanayo kwe-monochromatic olusetyenziswa kuvavanyo olwahlukileyo aluhambelani ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ezinye izibane ze-monochromatic ezifanayo kubude bezandi zihlala zigqithana kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ngakumbi phambi kokubonakala komthombo wokukhanya we-LED we-monochromatic. Ngale ndlela, ngokwemvelo, kuya kubakho iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezichaseneyo.

Ukukhanya okubomvu (R) kuthintela ukuphakama kwe-internode, kukhuthaza i-lateral branching kunye ne-tillering, ukulibazisa ukuhlukana kweentyatyambo, kunye nokwandisa i-anthocyanins, i-chlorophyll kunye ne-carotenoids. Ukukhanya okubomvu kunokubangela ukuhamba kokukhanya okulungileyo kwiingcambu ze-Arabidopsis. Ukukhanya okubomvu kunempembelelo entle ekuchaseni izityalo kuxinzelelo lwe-biotic kunye ne-abiotic.

Ukukhanya okubomvu okude (FR) kunokuchasana nesiphumo sokukhanya okubomvu kwiimeko ezininzi. Umlinganiselo ophantsi we-R/FR ubangela ukuhla kwamandla e-photosynthetic yeembotyi zezintso. Kwigumbi lokukhula, isibane esimhlophe se-fluorescent sisetyenziswa njengowona mthombo wokukhanya, kunye nemitha ebomvu ekude (incopho yokukhutshwa kwe-734 nm) yongezwa kunye nee-LED zokunciphisa umxholo we-anthocyanin, i-carotenoid kunye ne-chlorophyll, kunye nobunzima obutsha, ubunzima obomileyo, ubude besiqu, ubude begqabi kunye negqabi zenziwe. Ububanzi bunyusiwe. Impembelelo ye-FR eyongezelelweyo ekukhuleni ingaba ngenxa yokwanda kokufunxa ukukhanya ngenxa yokwanda kwendawo yamagqabi. I-Arabidopsis thaliana ekhule phantsi kweemeko eziphantsi ze-R/FR yayinkulu kwaye ijiyile kunezo zikhuliswe phantsi kwe-R/FR ephezulu, ene-biomass enkulu kunye nokuguquguquka okubandayo okuqinileyo. Imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ye-R / FR inokutshintsha kwakhona ukunyamezela ityuwa yezityalo.

Ngokubanzi, ukwandisa iqhezu lokukhanya okuluhlaza ekukhanyeni okumhlophe kunokunciphisa i-internodes, ukunciphisa indawo yamagqabi, ukunciphisa izinga lokukhula, kunye nokwandisa i-nitrogen / carbon (N / C) ratios.

Isityalo esiphezulu se-chlorophyll synthesis kunye nokwakheka kwekloroplasts kunye neekloroplasts ezinomlinganiselo ophezulu we-chlorophyll a / b kunye namanqanaba aphantsi e-carotenoid afuna ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Ngaphantsi kokukhanya okubomvu, izinga lephotosynthetic yeeseli ze-algae liye lehla ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye isantya sephotosynthetic sabuyela ngokukhawuleza emva kokuya kukukhanya okwesibhakabhaka okanye ukongeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza phantsi kokukhanya okubomvu okuqhubekayo. Xa iiseli zecuba ezikhulayo ezimnyama zidluliselwe ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuqhubekayo kwiintsuku ze-3, inani elipheleleyo kunye ne-chlorophyll umxholo we-rubulose-1, i-5-bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase (Rubisco) yanda ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuhambelana nale nto, ubunzima obomileyo beeseli kumthamo wesisombululo senkcubeko yeyunithi iphinda inyuke ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa inyuka ngokucothayo phantsi kokukhanya okubomvu okuqhubekayo.

Ngokucacileyo, kwi-photosynthesis kunye nokukhula kwezityalo, ukukhanya okubomvu kuphela akwanele. Ingqolowa inokugqiba umjikelo wobomi bayo phantsi komthombo omnye obomvu we-LED, kodwa ukufumana izityalo ezinde kunye nenani elikhulu lembewu, isixa esifanelekileyo sokukhanya okuluhlaza kufuneka kongezwe (Itheyibhile 1). Isivuno se lettuce, isipinatshi kunye neradish ekhuliswe phantsi kwesibane esibomvu esinye sasingaphantsi kuneso sezityalo ezikhuliswe phantsi kwendibaniselwano ebomvu nebhlowu, ngelixa isivuno sezityalo ezikhuliswe phantsi kokudityaniswa kobomvu nobhlowu kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okufanelekileyo kwakuthelekiseka eyezityalo ezikhuliswe phantsi kwezibane ezipholileyo ezimhlophe zefluorescent. Ngokufanayo, i-Arabidopsis thaliana inokuvelisa imbewu phantsi kokukhanya okubomvu okukodwa, kodwa ikhula phantsi kwendibaniselwano yokukhanya okubomvu nokubhlowu njengoko umlinganiselo wokukhanya oluhlaza uhla (10% ukuya kwi-1%) xa uthelekisa nezityalo ezikhuliswe phantsi kwezibane ezipholileyo ezimhlophe. Ukuvalwa kwezityalo, ukudubula kweentyatyambo kunye neziphumo ziye zalibaziseka. Nangona kunjalo, isivuno sembewu yezityalo ezikhuliswe phantsi kwendibaniselwano yokukhanya okubomvu nokubhlowu okuqulethe i-10% yokukhanya okublowu yaba sisiqingatha kuphela sezityalo ezikhuliswe phantsi kwezibane ezibandayo ezimhlophe zefluorescent. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okugqithisileyo kuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo, ukunciphisa i-internodes, ukunciphisa i-branching, ukunciphisa indawo yamagqabi, kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima obubomileyo. Izityalo zineentlobo ezibalulekileyo zokwahlukana kwimfuno yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nangona ezinye izifundo zisebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemithombo yokukhanya ziye zabonisa ukuba umahluko kwi-morphology yezityalo kunye nokukhula kuhambelana nokwahluko kumlinganiselo wokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi-spectrum, izigqibo ziseyingxaki ngenxa yokuba ukubunjwa kwe-non-blue. ukukhanya okukhutshwa ziindidi ezahlukeneyo zezibane ezisetyenziswayo kwahlukile. Umzekelo, nangona ubunzima obomileyo bembotyi zesoya kunye nezityalo zamazimba ezikhuliswe phantsi kwesibane esikhanyayo esikhanyayo kunye nesantya sephotosynthetic kwindawo nganye yegqabi liphezulu kakhulu kunelo likhule phantsi koxinzelelo oluphantsi lwezibane zesodium, ezi ziphumo azinakubalelwa ngokupheleleyo kukukhanya okuluhlaza. izibane zesodium ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi. Ukunqongophala, ndiyoyika ukuba inxulumene nokukhanya okutyheli kunye nohlaza phantsi kwesibane soxinzelelo oluphantsi lwesodium kunye nesibane esibomvu esiorenji.

Ubunzima obomileyo bezithole zetumata ezikhule phantsi kokukhanya okumhlophe (eziqulethe ukukhanya okubomvu, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nohlaza) bebungaphantsi kakhulu kunobo bezithole ezikhule phantsi kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza. Ukubonwa kwe-Spectral yokuthintela ukukhula kwinkcubeko ye-tissue kubonise ukuba umgangatho wokukhanya onobungozi kukukhanya okuluhlaza kunye nencopho ye-550 nm. Ubude besityalo, ubunzima obutsha kunye nobomileyo bemarigold ekhuliswe phantsi kokukhanya okuluhlaza bunyuke nge-30% ukuya kwi-50% xa kuthelekiswa nezityalo ezikhuliswe phantsi kokukhanya okugcweleyo. Ukukhanya okugcweleyo okugcwele ukukhanya okuluhlaza kubangela ukuba izityalo zibe zifutshane kwaye zome, kwaye ubunzima obutsha buyancipha. Ukususa ukukhanya okuluhlaza kuqinisa intyatyambo ye-marigold, ngelixa ukongeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza kuthintela intyatyambo ye-Dianthus kunye ne-lettuce.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho neengxelo zokukhanya okuluhlaza okukhuthaza ukukhula. UKim et al. igqibe kwelokuba ukukhanya okuluhlaza okubomvu-blue okudityanisiweyo (ii-LEDs) zongezelela ukukhanya okuluhlaza kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukukhula kwesityalo kuyathintelwa xa ukukhanya okuluhlaza kudlula i-50%, ngelixa ukukhula kwezityalo kuphuculwa xa umlinganiselo wokukhanya okuluhlaza ungaphantsi kwama-24%. Nangona ubunzima obomileyo benxalenye engaphezulu ye-lettuce bonyuswa kukukhanya okuluhlaza okongeziweyo kukukhanya okuluhlaza okuluhlaza kukukhanya okubomvu kunye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okudityanisiweyo okubonelelwa yi-LED, isiphelo sokuba ukongezwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza kukhulisa ukukhula kwaye kuvelise ngakumbi. I-biomass kunokukhanya okumhlophe okupholileyo kuyingxaki: (1) Ubunzima obomileyo be-biomass ababubonayo bubunzima obomileyo kuphela benxalenye engaphezulu komhlaba. Ukuba ubunzima obomileyo benkqubo yeengcambu ezingaphantsi komhlaba bubandakanyiwe, umphumo unokuhluka; (2) indawo ephezulu yelethisi ekhuliswe phantsi kwezibane ezibomvu, ezibhlowu neziluhlaza Izityalo ezikhula kakhulu phantsi kwezibane ezimhlophe ezibandayo ezimhlophe zinokuba nokukhanya okuluhlaza (24%) okuqulathwe kwisibane esinemibala emithathu engaphantsi kakhulu kunesiphumo. yesibane esipholileyo esimhlophe se-fluorescent (51%), oko kukuthi, ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwesiphumo sesibane esipholileyo esimhlophe sefluorescent sikhulu kunemibala emithathu. Iziphumo zesibane; 3

Nangona kunjalo, ukuphatha imbewu nge-laser eluhlaza kunokwenza i-radishes kunye ne-karoti ngokuphindwe kabini kulawulo. I-pulse eluhlaza ingakhawulezisa ukwanda kwezithole ezikhula ebumnyameni, oko kukuthi, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwesiqu. Ukunyangwa kwezithole ze-Arabidopsis thaliana ngokukhanya okukodwa okuluhlaza (525 nm ± 16 nm) i-pulse (11.1 μmol·m-m-2 · s-1, 9 s) kumthombo we-LED kubangele ukuhla kwemibhalo yeplastid kunye nokwanda kokukhula kwesiqu. izinga.

Ngokusekwe kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo yedatha yophando lwe-photobiology yezityalo, indima yokukhanya okuluhlaza kuphuhliso lwezityalo, iintyatyambo, ukuvulwa kwesisu, ukukhula kwesiqu, ukubonakaliswa kofuzo lwe-chloroplast kunye nolawulo lokukhula kwezityalo kwaxoxwa. Kukholelwa ukuba inkqubo yokuqonda ukukhanya okuluhlaza ihambelana neenzwa ezibomvu neziluhlaza. Ukulawula ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo. Qaphela ukuba kolu hlaziyo, ukukhanya okuluhlaza (500 ~ 600nm) kwandiswe ukubandakanya inxalenye etyheli ye-spectrum (580 ~ 600nm).

Ukukhanya okutyheli (580~600nm) kuthintela ukukhula kwelethisi. Iziphumo zomxholo we-chlorophyll kunye nobunzima obomileyo bomlinganiselo ohlukeneyo obomvu, obomvu kakhulu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-ultraviolet kunye nokukhanya okuphuzi ngokulandelanayo kubonisa ukuba ukukhanya okutyheli kuphela (580 ~ 600nm) kunokuchaza umahluko kwimiphumo yokukhula phakathi kwesibane esiphezulu soxinzelelo lwesodium kunye ne-metal halide. isibane. Oko kukuthi, ukukhanya okutyheli kuthintela ukukhula. Kwakhona, ukukhanya okutyheli (incopho kwi-595 nm) kuthintele ukukhula kwekhukhamba ngamandla kunokukhanya okuluhlaza (incopho ye-520 nm).

Ezinye izigqibo malunga nemiphumo ephikisanayo yokukhanya okutyheli / okuluhlaza kusenokuba ngenxa yokungahambelani koluhlu lwamaza okukhanya asetyenziswa kwezo zifundo. Ngaphezu koko, kuba abanye abaphandi bahlula ukukhanya ukusuka kwi-500 ukuya kwi-600 nm njengokukhanya okuluhlaza, kukho uncwadi oluncinci malunga nemiphumo yokukhanya okuphuzi (580-600 nm) ekukhuleni kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso.

Imitha ye-Ultraviolet inciphisa indawo yamagqabi esityalo, inqanda ukunyuswa kwe-hypocotyl, inciphisa i-photosynthesis kunye nemveliso, kwaye yenza izityalo zichaphazeleke ekuhlaselweni kwe-pathogen, kodwa inokubangela i-flavonoid synthesis kunye neendlela zokukhusela. I-UV-B inokunciphisa umxholo we-ascorbic acid kunye ne-β-carotene, kodwa inokukhuthaza ngokufanelekileyo i-anthocyanin synthesis. Ukusasazeka kwemitha ye-UV-B kubangela isityalo esincinane phenotype, amancinci, amagqabi ashinyeneyo, i-petiole emfutshane, ukwanda kwamasebe e-axillary, kunye nokutshintsha komlinganiselo weengcambu / isithsaba.

Iziphumo zophando kwimihlanganisela yerayisi eyi-16 evela kwimimandla ehlukeneyo ye-7 yaseChina, e-Indiya, kwiiPhilippines, eNepal, eThailand, eVietnam naseSri Lanka kwi-greenhouse yabonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-UV-B kubangele ukwanda kwe-biomass iyonke. I-cultivars (enye kuphela efikelele kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo, ukusuka eSri Lanka), i-cultivars ye-12 (eyayi-6 yayibalulekile), kunye ne-UV-B enobuzaza bancitshiswe kakhulu kwindawo yamagqabi kunye nobukhulu be-tiller. Kukho imihlanganisela emi-6 enomthamo owandisiweyo weklorofili (ezi-2 zazo zifikelela kumanqanaba abalulekileyo); Imihlanganiselwa emi-5 enesantya sephotosynthetic yamagqabi esicuthiweyo, kunye nomhlanganiselwa om-1 ophuculwe kakhulu (i-biomass iyonke ibalulekile) ukwanda).

Umlinganiselo we-UV-B/PAR sisigqibo esibalulekileyo sokuphendula kwesityalo kwi-UV-B. Ngokomzekelo, i-UV-B kunye ne-PAR kunye zichaphazela i-morphology kunye ne-oyile isivuno se-mint, esifuna amanqanaba aphezulu okukhanya kwemvelo okungenakuhluzwa.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uphononongo lwaselabhoratri lweziphumo ze-UV-B, nangona luluncedo ekuchongeni izinto ezikhutshelweyo kunye nezinye izinto zemolekyuli kunye nezomzimba, kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamanqanaba aphezulu e-UV-B, akukho i-UV-A ehambelanayo kunye ne-PAR ehlala isezantsi ngasemva, iziphumo aziqhelekanga ukuba zikhutshwe ngoomatshini kwindawo yendalo. Izifundo zentsimi zikholisa ukusebenzisa izibane ze-UV ukunyusa okanye ukusebenzisa izihluzi ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-UV-B.