Izibani ezinhlanu ze-monochromatic ezithinta ukukhula kwezitshalo

Ukukhanya kuyisici esiyisisekelo semvelo sokukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo. Akuwona kuphela umthombo wamandla oyisisekelo we-photosynthesis, kodwa futhi umlawuli obalulekile wokukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo. Ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo akukhawulelwe kuphela ngobuningi bokukhanya noma ubukhulu bokukhanya (i-photon flux density, photon flux density, PFD), kodwa nangokwekhwalithi yokukhanya, okungukuthi ubude bamaza obuhlukahlukene bokukhanya nemisebe kanye nezilinganiso zokubunjwa kwazo ezihlukene.

I-spectrum yelanga ingahlukaniswa cishe ibe imisebe ye-ultraviolet (i-ultraviolet, i-UV

Izitshalo zingakwazi ukubona izinguquko ezicashile kukhwalithi yokukhanya, amandla okukhanya, ubude bokukhanya, kanye nesiqondiso endaweni ekhulayo, futhi ziqalise izinguquko zomzimba nezokwakheka komzimba ezidingekayo ukuze ziphile kule ndawo. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okubomvu kude kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni i-photomorphogenesis yezitshalo. Ama-Photoreceptors (i-phytochrome, i-Phy), i-cryptochrome (Ukukhala), nama-photoreceptors (i-phototropin, Isithombe) athola amasignali okukhanya futhi akhuthaze ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo ngokudluliswa kwesignali.

Ukukhanya kwe-Monochromatic njengoba kusetshenziswe lapha kubhekisela ekukhanyeni ebangeni elithile le-wavelength. Ububanzi bamaza obude bokukhanya okufanayo kwe-monochromatic okusetshenziswe ekuhlolweni okuhlukile akuhambisani ngokuphelele, futhi ezinye izibani ze-monochromatic ezifana nobude beza beza zivame ukudlulana ngezinga elihlukile, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokuvela komthombo wokukhanya we-LED we-monochromatic. Ngale ndlela, ngokwemvelo, kuzoba nemiphumela ehlukile futhi ephikisanayo.

Ukukhanya okubomvu (R) kuvimbela ukunwetshwa kwe-internode, kuthuthukisa i-lateral branching kanye ne-tillering, kulibazisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezimbali, futhi kwandisa ama-anthocyanins, i-chlorophyll kanye ne-carotenoid. Ukukhanya okubomvu kungabangela ukunyakaza kokukhanya okuhle ezimpandeni ze-Arabidopsis. Ukukhanya okubomvu kunomphumela omuhle ekuphikiseni izitshalo ekucindezelekeni kwe-biotic kanye ne-abiotic.

Ukukhanya okubomvu okude (FR) kungamelana nomphumela wokukhanya okubomvu ezimeni eziningi. Isilinganiso esiphansi se-R/FR siholela ekwehleni komthamo we-photosynthetic wezinso zikabhontshisi. Egunjini lokukhula, isibani esimhlophe se-fluorescent sisetshenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanya oyinhloko, futhi imisebe ebomvu kakhulu (isilinganiso esiphezulu sokukhishwa kwe-734 nm) yengezwe ngama-LED ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-anthocyanin, carotenoid ne-chlorophyll, nesisindo esisha, isisindo esomile, ubude besiqu, ubude bamaqabunga kanye neqabunga kwenziwa. Ububanzi buyanda. Umphumela we-supplemental FR ekukhuleni ungase ube ngenxa yokwanda kokumunca ukukhanya ngenxa yokwanda kwendawo yamaqabunga. I-Arabidopsis thaliana etshalwe ngaphansi kwezimo eziphansi ze-R/FR yayinkulu futhi ijiyile kunaleyo etshalwe ngaphansi kwe-R/FR ephezulu, ene-biomass enkulu kanye nokuvumelana nezimo ezibandayo eziqinile. Izilinganiso ezihlukene ze-R/FR nazo zingashintsha ukubekezelelana kukasawoti kwezitshalo.

Ngokuvamile, ukukhulisa ingxenye yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekukhanyeni okumhlophe kungafinyeza ama-internode, kunciphise indawo yamaqabunga, kunciphise izinga lokukhula okuhlobene, futhi kwandise izilinganiso ze-nitrogen/carbon (N/C).

I-high plant chlorophyll synthesis kanye nokwakheka kwe-chloroplast kanye nama-chloroplast anesilinganiso esiphezulu se-chlorophyll a/b kanye namazinga aphansi e-carotenoid adinga ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngaphansi kokukhanya okubomvu, izinga le-photosynthetic lamangqamuzana olwelwe lehla kancane kancane, futhi izinga le-photosynthetic labuya ngokushesha ngemva kokuya ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ukwengeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphansi kokukhanya okubomvu okuqhubekayo. Lapho amangqamuzana kagwayi akhula amnyama edluliselwa ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuqhubekayo izinsuku ezingu-3, ​​inani eliphelele nokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll ye-rubulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) kwenyuke kakhulu. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, isisindo esomile samaseli kumthamo wesisombululo seyunithi yesiko sikhuphuka kakhulu, kuyilapho sikhula kancane kakhulu ngaphansi kokukhanya okubomvu okuqhubekayo.

Ngokusobala, nge-photosynthesis nokukhula kwezitshalo, ukukhanya okubomvu kuphela akwanele. Ukolweni ungaqeda umjikelezo wokuphila ngaphansi komthombo owodwa wama-LED abomvu, kodwa ukuze uthole izitshalo ezinde nezinombolo ezinkulu zembewu, inani elifanele lokukhanya okuluhlaza kufanele kwengezwe (Ithebula 1). Isivuno sikalethisi, isipinashi kanye nesithombo esitshalwe ngaphansi kwesibani esisodwa esibomvu sasiphansi kunesezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela yokubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti isivuno sezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela yokubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okufanelekile kwakuqhathaniswa eyezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwezibani ezipholile ezimhlophe ze-fluorescent. Ngokufanayo, i-Arabidopsis thaliana ingakhiqiza imbewu ngaphansi kokukhanya okubomvu okukodwa, kodwa ikhula ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka njengoba ingxenye yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyancipha (10% kuya ku-1%) uma iqhathaniswa nezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwezibani ezipholile ezimhlophe ze-fluorescent. Ukubolekwa kwezitshalo, ukuqhakaza kanye nemiphumela kubambezelekile. Kodwa-ke, isivuno sembewu yezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuqukethe u-10% wokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwakuyingxenye yezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwamalambu abandayo amhlophe e-fluorescent. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwedlulele kuvimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo, kufinyeze ama-internode, ukunciphisa amagatsha, ukuncipha kwendawo yamaqabunga, nokuncipha kwesisindo esiphelele esomile. Izitshalo zinokuhluka okuphawulekayo kwezinhlobo zesidingo sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakuba ezinye izifundo ezisebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithombo yokukhanya ziye zabonisa ukuthi umehluko we-morphology yezitshalo nokukhula uhlobene nokwehluka kwengxenye yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ku-spectrum, iziphetho ziseyinkinga ngoba ukwakheka kokungewona oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. ukukhanya okukhishwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezibani ezisetshenziswayo kuhlukile. Isibonelo, nakuba isisindo esomile sezitshalo zikabhontshisi wesoya kanye nezitshalo zamabele ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwesibani esikhanyayo esikhanyayo kanye nesilinganiso se-photosynthetic endaweni ngayinye yeqabunga siphezulu kakhulu kunalezo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwezibani ze-sodium ezinengcindezi ephansi, le miphumela ayinakuhlotshaniswa ngokuphelele nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphansi. izibani ze-sodium ezinengcindezi ephansi. Ukushoda, ngesaba ukuthi kuhlobene nokukhanya okuphuzi nokuluhlaza ngaphansi kwesibani sesodium enengcindezi ephansi kanye nesibani esibomvu esiwolintshi.

Isisindo esomile sezithombo zikatamatisi ezitshalwe ngaphansi kokukhanya okumhlophe (okuqukethe ukukhanya okubomvu, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza) sasiphansi kakhulu kunesezithombo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukutholwa kwe-Spectral kokuvinjelwa kokukhula kusiko lezicubu kubonise ukuthi ikhwalithi yokukhanya eyingozi kakhulu kwakungukukhanya okuluhlaza okunokuphakama okungu-550 nm. Ubude besitshalo, isisindo esisha nesomile se-marigold esikhule ngaphansi kokukhanya okuluhlaza sikhuphuke ngo-30% saya ku-50% uma siqhathaniswa nezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kokukhanya okugcwele kwe-spectrum. Ukukhanya okugcwele ukukhanya okugcwele ukukhanya kubangela ukuthi izitshalo zibe mfushane futhi zome, futhi isisindo esisha siyancipha. Ukukhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza kuqinisa ukuqhakaza kwe-marigold, kuyilapho ukwengeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza kuvimbela ukuqhakaza kwe-Dianthus nolethisi.

Nokho, kukhona nemibiko yokukhanya okuluhlaza okuthuthukisa ukukhula. UKim et al. uphethe ngokuthi ukukhanya okuhlanganisiwe okubomvu okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (ama-LED) okunezela ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza kuphumela esiphethweni sokuthi ukukhula kwezitshalo kuyavinjwa lapho ukukhanya okuluhlaza kudlula u-50%, kuyilapho ukukhula kwezitshalo kuyathuthukiswa lapho isilinganiso sokukhanya okuluhlaza singaphansi kuka-24%. Nakuba isisindo esomile sengxenye engenhla ye-ulethisi sikhuphuka ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwengezwe ukukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani kwe-fluorescent kungemuva lokukhanya okuhlangene okubomvu nokuluhlaza okuhlinzekwe yi-LED, isiphetho sokuthi ukungezwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza kuthuthukisa ukukhula futhi kukhiqiza okwengeziwe. I-biomass kunokukhanya okumhlophe okupholile iyinkinga: (1) Isisindo esomile se-biomass abayibonayo siyisisindo esomile kuphela sengxenye engaphezulu komhlaba. Uma isisindo esomile sesistimu yezimpande engaphansi komhlaba ifakiwe, umphumela ungase uhluke; (2) ingxenye engaphezulu ye-ulethisi etshalwe ngaphansi kwezibani ezibomvu, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza Izitshalo ezikhula kakhulu ngaphansi kwezibani ezibandayo ezimhlophe ezikhanyayo kungenzeka zibe nokukhanya okuluhlaza (24%) okuqukethwe yisibani esinemibala emithathu ngaphansi kakhulu komphumela. yesibani esipholile esimhlophe se-fluorescent (51%), okungukuthi, umphumela wokucindezela ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwesibani esipholile esimhlophe se-fluorescent mkhulu kunemibala emithathu. Imiphumela yesibani; (3) Izinga le-photosynthesis lezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka liphakeme kakhulu kunezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kokukhanya okuluhlaza, okusekela ukuqagela kwangaphambili.

Kodwa-ke, ukuphatha imbewu nge-laser eluhlaza kungenza ama-radishes kanye nezaqathi ezinkulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunokulawula. Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuluhlaza okufiphele kungasheshisa ukunwebeka kwezithombo ezikhula ebumnyameni, okungukuthi, ukuthuthukisa ukunwebeka kwesiqu. Ukwelashwa kwezithombo ze-Arabidopsis thaliana ngokukhanya okukodwa okuluhlaza (525 nm ± 16 nm) ishayela (11.1 μmol·m-m-2·s-1, 9 s) kusuka emthonjeni we-LED kuholele ekwehleni kwemibhalo ye-plastid kanye nokwanda kokukhula kwesiqu. isilinganiso.

Ngokusekelwe eminyakeni engu-50 edlule yedatha yocwaningo lwe-photobiology yezitshalo, indima yokukhanya okuluhlaza ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo, ukuqhakaza, ukuvulwa kwesisu, ukukhula kwesiqu, ukubonakaliswa kofuzo lwe-chloroplast kanye nokulawulwa kokukhula kwezitshalo kwaxoxwa ngakho. Kukholakala ukuthi uhlelo lokubona ukukhanya okuluhlaza luhambisana nezinzwa ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lawula ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo. Qaphela ukuthi kulokhu kubuyekezwa, ukukhanya okuluhlaza (500~600nm) kunwetshiwe ukuze kufakwe ingxenye ephuzi ye-spectrum (580~600nm).

Ukukhanya okuphuzi (580~600nm) kuvimbela ukukhula kukalethisi. Imiphumela yokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll nesisindo esomile sezilinganiso ezahlukene zokukhanya okubomvu, okubomvu kakhulu, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oku-ultraviolet nokuphuzi ngokulandelanayo kubonisa ukuthi ukukhanya okuphuzi kuphela (580 ~ 600nm) okungachaza umehluko emiphumeleni yokukhula phakathi kwesibani se-sodium somfutho ophezulu kanye ne-metal halide. isibani. Okusho ukuthi, ukukhanya okuphuzi kuvimbela ukukhula. Futhi, ukukhanya okuphuzi (okuphakeme ku-595 nm) kuvimbele ukukhula kwekhukhamba ngamandla kunokukhanya okuluhlaza (isilinganiso esiphezulu ku-520 nm).

Ezinye iziphetho mayelana nemiphumela engqubuzanayo yokukhanya okuphuzi/okuluhlaza kungase kube ngenxa yohlu olungaguquki lwamaza okukhanya asetshenziswa kulezo zifundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi abanye abacwaningi bahlukanisa ukukhanya kusuka ku-500 kuya ku-600 nm njengokukhanya okuluhlaza, kunezincwadi ezincane zemiphumela yokukhanya okuphuzi (580-600 nm) ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo.

Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet inciphisa indawo yamaqabunga esitshalo, ivimbele ukunwebeka kwe-hypocotyl, inciphisa i-photosynthesis nokukhiqiza, futhi yenza izitshalo zitholakale kalula ekuhlaselweni yi-pathogen, kodwa ingabangela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-flavonoid nezindlela zokuzivikela. I-UV-B inganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-ascorbic acid ne-β-carotene, kodwa ingakhuthaza ngempumelelo ukuhlanganiswa kwe-anthocyanin. Imisebe ye-UV-B iphumela ku-phenotype yesitshalo esincanyana, amaqabunga amancane, awugqinsi, i-petiole emfushane, amagatsha ama-axillary anda, kanye nokushintsha kwesilinganiso sezimpande/umqhele.

Imiphumela yophenyo kuma-cultivars werayisi angu-16 avela ezifundeni ezihlukene ezingu-7 zaseChina, eNdiya, ePhilippines, eNepal, eThailand, eVietnam naseSri Lanka endaweni yokushisa ibonise ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-UV-B kubangele ukwanda kwengqikithi ye-biomass. Ama-cultivars (owodwa kuphela owafinyelela izinga elibalulekile, kusukela e-Sri Lanka), ama-cultivars angu-12 (okuyisi-6 kuwo ayebalulekile), kanye nalawo anozwela lwe-UV-B ancishiswe kakhulu endaweni yamaqabunga kanye nobukhulu bamathayela. Kunezinhlobo eziyisi-6 zezitshalo ezinokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll eyengeziwe (ezi-2 zazo ezifinyelela emazingeni abalulekile); Izinhlobo ezi-5 ezinezinga le-photosynthetic lamaqabunga elinciphe kakhulu, kanye ne-cultivar eyodwa ethuthuke kakhulu (ingqikithi ye-biomass nayo ibalulekile) ukwanda).

Isilinganiso se-UV-B/PAR siyisici esibalulekile sokusabela kwesitshalo ku-UV-B. Isibonelo, i-UV-B ne-PAR ndawonye ithinta i-morphology nesivuno sikawoyela we-mint, okudinga amazinga aphezulu okukhanya kwemvelo okungahlungiwe.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ucwaningo lwaselabhorethri lwemiphumela ye-UV-B, nakuba luwusizo ekuhlonzeni izici ezilotshiweyo kanye nezinye izici zamangqamuzana nezokuphila, kungenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamazinga aphezulu e-UV-B, akukho okuhambisana ne-UV-A kanye ne-PAR engemuva ephansi, imiphumela ngokuvamile ayidluliselwa endaweni yemvelo ngomshini. Izifundo zasensimini ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amalambu e-UV ukuphakamisa noma ukusebenzisa izihlungi ukwehlisa amazinga e-UV-B.